Guide on How to Write a Cause #038; Effect Essay It Is Easier Than You Think!

Guide on How to Write a Cause #038; Effect Essay It Is Easier Than You Think! A Cause and Effect Essay and Its Structure The circumstances and logical results papers are well known errands that require exact investigation of the issue and finding the critical interconnection among reasons and the outcomes. This sort of paper can be utilized to examine different subjects including nursing, business considers, ecological investigations, promoting, and the board. The article is exceptional because of the structure, noteworthy perspectives that ought to be incorporated, the style of composing, and the assortment of tips on the most proficient method to disentangle the undertaking finishing. The article regularly responds to questions that start with the words â€Å"How?† and â€Å"Why?† in regards to various issues and procedures in various circles of human lives. When all is said in done, the reason for such paper is to examine and speak to interconnections between starting points of the wonders or procedure and its specific outcomes that impact the general condition. Circumstances and logical results article is generally separated into a few sections that investigate various issues. The initial segment alludes to the meaning of the particular issue causes that shape arrangement of the circumstance. In these segments, the understudy needs to make a definite investigation of the issue and recognize principal purposes behind the difficult development. In addition, the exposition ought to incorporate an exact depiction of these causes and every one of extra factors that shape the examined issue. The subsequent part is simply the examination of the issue so as to comprehend what place it has in the specific circle. The understudy needs to portray the item or the inquiry characterizing every one of its components, issues, or purposes. Actually, this stage is explicit groundwork for the investigation of impacts that are isolated into the subsequent stage. The piece of Effects incorporates all effects of the issue or specific issue on the earth or other decided perspectives. By and large talking, in this segment the understudy is attempting to set up interconnections between causes, the issue, and its belongings. Such connections can be immediate or aberrant, and the impact can likewise be quick or dependable. Thus, the article is focused on the examination of coherent interconnections between the circumstances and end results of a specific issue. This paper depends on the intricacy of the contemplated viewpoint that permits its definite examination. How to Choose a Topic for the Essay? Picking of a subject for circumstances and logical results exposition is the first and one of the most significant stages. Truth be told, in most of cases, a theme or a few variations to look over are offered by an educator. Such assignment targets checking information on an understudy with respect to a particular point or subject. Nonetheless, an understudy can likewise be permitted to pick the issue without anyone else or herself. A few circumstances and logical results paper tips can be helpful during the time spent picking the fitting theme: Break down the course and all the angles that you were concentrating during the semester. In the event that you were advised that you would need to compose a circumstances and logical results article, make notes during the course about the issues that are the most fascinating for you to investigate. As follows, pick the inquiry that is fascinating to investigate from the circumstances and logical results perspective. So as to improve the way toward picking, compose a rundown of fascinating points. Such action will give you a visual comprehension of the quantity of inquiries you are keen on. At that point choose what wellsprings of data you can utilize and investigate if the subjects you have picked are provided with such materials. Accordingly, select the issue that is the most fascinating to you, and that is upheld with the proper measure of data. Restricted the issue. Make the issue progressively explicit and thin it down so as to make your examination exceptional and precise. This action will furnish you with the capacity to stamp the most basic parts of the issue and maintain a strategic distance from pointless work. These tips can be considered as a down to earth plan of picking a point for the paper that can be actualized by any understudy. Such advances will give all of you fitting conditions that will show you effectively which issue is the most energizing and agreeable for you to compose a circumstances and logical results article about. Instances of potential subjects for circumstances and logical results paper: Reasons for Global Warming; Position of the Feminist Movement in Modern Society; Reasons for the Obesity Problem; Guardians Role in the Formation of Children’s Behavioral Patterns; The Role of Unemployment Rate in the Problem of Homelessness; Current Immigration Policy of the United States; Effect of Globalization Processes on International Trade; Issue of Language Barrier for Minorities in the U.S.; Circumstances and end results of WWII; Expanding Traffic-Related Air Pollution as an Effect of Urbanization. Pre-composing Tips A few pre-composing tips can make the composition of the exposition increasingly straightforward and compelling. Conceptualizing The method of conceptualizing is viewed as very valuable while making thoughts for the circumstances and logical results paper composing. The immediate strategy is associated with composing all musings in regards to the issue to investigate on the crap of paper. These thoughts might be unique and associated with causes, impacts or connections between those. The conceptualizing can assist with initiating your cerebrum and tackle all musings that can be valuable for composing the paper on the picked theme. Also, this movement is useful to characterize your closely-held conviction since it very well may be shaped based on all the thoughts you will compose. Freewriting This strategy is very like the conceptualizing, however the last point is associated with composing just specific thoughts, expressions or sentences. Freewriting incorporates composing the full content with complete sentences and created thoughts. In any case, you ought to be loose and compose with no pressure or chaos. Simply attempt to speak to every one of your contemplations with respect to the issue on the crap of paper, incorporate your sentiments or fairs about the future exposition. Subsequently, you will manage worry in such a way and create fascinating thoughts that will be useful in the composition of a circumstances and logical results paper total variation. Inquiry Posing The technique for question asking is likewise an extraordinary method to make composing that is valuable in the improvement of the framework for a circumstances and logical results exposition. This method alludes to composing a rundown of inquiries that you need to reply in your exposition or that you are keen on. Start from the most broad inquiries and afterward make them increasingly thin and indicated. These inquiries can be associated with the full issue or with its different parts. Layout of a Cause and Effect Essay Having picked the theme for the paper, an understudy needs to make a framework and in such a manner to shape the plan of the article content. A diagram ought to be suitably sorted out because of the customary structure of a scholastic exposition. After all pre-composing exercises, you will have a wide scope of thoughts that ought to be assembled into explicit segments. Coming up next is the case of a circumstances and logical results article plot: I. Presentation: General data about the investigated issue; The proposal articulation toward the finish of the passage. II. Body part: First body passage: a. The primary fundamental thought of the exposition; b. Supporting contentions; c. End. Second body section: a. The second primary thought of the exposition; b. Supporting contentions; c. End. Third body passage: a. The third fundamental thought of the exposition; b. Supporting contentions; c. End. III. End: Repeat the proposition explanation; Sum up all thoughts spoke to in the exposition. Notice that the quantity of the body passages can be changed relying upon the assortment of thoughts you need to consider in the article. The framework is utilized to gather all thoughts into areas and in such a manner to make it progressively basic for the peruser to acknowledge and see. In any case, the basic viewpoint to underscore is that all body thoughts ought to be associated through the proposition proclamation and in the end part too. Composing a diagram is an advantageous action since it permits you to picture the structure of the article and see all solid and powerless focuses. You will see where the deficiency of contentions is or in what request thoughts ought to be spoken to. Moreover, an all around created blueprint will appear on the off chance that you answer all the inquiries or on the off chance that it is important to add data to make the article increasingly finished. Notice that diagram is focused on improvement of the procedure, however it isn't mandatory to follow this arrangement. It very well may be changed at any phase of the circumstances and logical results article composing. Structure of a Cause and Effect Essay and Its Main Components Title The title of a circumstances and logical results article should suit the arrangement of the paper that is required by your educator. Simultaneously, the title ought to sum up the substance of the entire paper in one expression or collocation. There are a few hints on the most proficient method to improve the title of the article: Make it easy to comprehend and accessible to grab the eye of the peruser. Utilize fitting words for the official scholastic language. Keep away from utilization of figures of speech and truncations. Attempt to pick the expression that can speak to any different piece of the exposition. Postulation Statement A postulation proclamation is a sentence that speaks to the general thought of the entire circumstances and logical results article. It ought to incorporate the fundamental driver and impacts stamped or one general thought you will demonstrate or repudiate in your paper. The proposal articulation ought to be situated toward the finish of the primary starting passage, and it ought to be demonstrated by a specific transitional word. The theory proclamation ought to be explicit and precise speaking to a characterized idea. Also, it ought not be excessively broad; attempt to present all thoughts explicitly. The proposal articulation ought to be clear and ought exclude summarizing and written falsification. Models: Wrong: There are favorable circumstances and detriments of new legislati

Security On The Internet Essays (2415 words) - Cybercrime

Security On The Internet Security on the Internet How would you secure something that is changing quicker than you can fix it? The Internet has had security issues since its most punctual days as an unadulterated exploration venture. Today, following quite a long while and significant degrees of development, is still has security issues. It is being utilized for a reason for which it was rarely expected: trade. It is to some degree amusing that the early Internet was plan as a model for a high-accessibility order and control organize that could oppose blackouts coming about because of adversary activities, yet it can't avoid school students. The issue is that the assailants are on, and make up separated of, the system they are assaulting. Structuring a framework that is fit for opposing assault from inside, while as yet developing and advancing dangerously fast, is presumably incomprehensible. Profound foundation changes are required, and once you have accomplished a specific measure of size, the sheer inactivity of the introduced b ase may make it difficult to apply fixes. The difficulties for the security business are developing. With the electronic trade spreading over the Internet, there are issues, for example, nonrepudiation to be illuminated. Budgetary establishments will have both specialized concerns, for example, the security of a charge card number or banking data, and lawful worries for considering people liable for their activities, for example, their buys or deals over the Internet. Issuance and the board of encryption keys for many clients will represent another kind of challenge. While a few advances have been grown, just an industry-wide exertion and collaboration can limit chances and guarantee security for clients, information secrecy for the monetary organizations, and nonrepudiation for electronic trade. With the proceeding with development in connecting people and organizations over the Internet, some social issues are beginning to surface. The general public may require some investment in adjusting to the new idea of executing business over the Internet. Shoppers may set aside some effort to confide in the system and acknowledge it as a substitute for executing business face to face. Another class of concerns identifies with confining access over the Internet. Forestalling conveyance of sex entertainment and other frightful material over the Internet has just been in the news. We can anticipate new social obstacles after some time and expectation the incredible advantages of the Internet will keep on abrogating these obstacles through new advancements and enactments. The World Wide Web is the single biggest, most omnipresent wellspring of data on the planet, and it jumped up precipitously. Individuals utilize intuitive Web pages to acquire stock statements, get charge data from the Internal Revenue Service, cause meetings with a beautician, to counsel a pregnancy organizer to decide ovulation dates, gather information, register for a meeting, look for old companions, and the rundown goes on. It is just common that the Webs usefulness, fame, and pervasiveness have made it the apparently perfect stage for directing electronic trade. Individuals would now be able to go online to purchase CDs, attire, show passes, and stocks. A few organizations, such Digicash, Cybercash, and First Virtual, have jumped up to give systems to directing business on the Web. The investment funds in cost and the comfort of shopping by means of the Web are boundless. Though best PC frameworks result from cautious, precise arranging, trailed by difficult work, the Web took on its very own existence from the earliest starting point. The presentation of a typical convention and a well disposed graphical UI was every one of that was expected to light the Internet blast. The Webs excellencies are lauded without end, yet its fast development and widespread selection have not been without cost. Specifically, security was included as an idea in retrospect. New capacities were added impromptu to fulfill the developing interest for highlights without cautiously thinking about the effect on security. As universally useful contents were presented on both the customer and the server sides, the risks of coincidental and pernicious maltreatment developed. It didn't take long for the Web to move from mainstream researchers to the business world. Now, the security dangers turned out to be significantly more genuine. The motivation for noxious aggressors to abuse vulnerabilities in the fundamental advances is at an untouched high. This is to be sure terrifying when we consider what aggressors of PC frameworks have achieved when their lone motivating force was

How Pollution Destroys the Atmosphere and Habitats Essay Example for Free

How Pollution Destroys the Atmosphere and Habitats Essay Presentation â€Å"Nowadays, businesses, cars, power stations, and so forth have gotten irreplaceable in our day by day life.† ( Science Level K page 242) Have you at any point thought about what causes contamination? Types of Pollution Contamination is the procedure whereby different unsafe substances are added to the earth (land, water, air and so on.) by human and regular exercises. The principle different sorts of contamination that exist are: Air Pollution Air contamination is the reason for arrival of synthetic substances, and particulates into the environment which jeopardize human life and living issue on the earth by people, human items and catastrophic events. As the present time of current industrialization advances increasingly more misuse of the consequences of their creation become poisons which can be openly breathed in and deadly to well evolved creatures. Water Pollution Water contamination is the presentation of synthetic, natural and physical issue into enormous waterways that degenerate the personal satisfaction that lives in it and devours it. Like the releasing of waste water from business and mechanical waste (purposefully or through spills) into surface waters; oil slicks, family synthetics, pesticides and composts are the significant wellsprings of water contamination. Land Pollution Land contamination is contamination of the Earth’s normal land surface by modern, business, local and horticultural exercises. It happens when synthetic substances are discharged purposefully, by spill or underground spillage. A portion of the principle commitments to land contamination are deforestation, development trash, mechanical processing plants and so forth. Consequences for Environment Human Health Contamination has various structures that are not exclusively harming our condition yet additionally to our wellbeing. Toxins can enter human body causing infections. Air contamination can mess breathing up and eye, throat and skin bothering. At the point when strong waste isn't appropriately treated and discarded, it can turn into a reproducing for vermin and sickness can spread. Water contamination can cause waterborne ailments by dirtied drinking water, contaminated sea shore water, and, genuine ailments by water dirtied by synthetic compounds. Water contamination may likewise result from communications among water and sullied soil, just as from affidavit of air contaminants, (for example, corrosive rain).Damage to individuals might be brought about by fish nourishments originating from dirtied water and vegetable harvests developed or washed with contaminated water. Plants Leaves think that its hard to create food in dirtied air. At the point when trees start to lose their leaves, they may inevitably kick the bucket. When there is a lot of synthetic substance in the water consumed by the roots, it can likewise influence vegetation. Water Pollution that influences plants would incorporate corrosive downpour. Soil Pollution issues influencing plants incorporate the abuse of pesticides which chooses for safe strains of bugs and weeds, the loss of topsoil because of overdevelopment and soil disintegration, and the take-up of poisonous synthetic compounds through the fumble of strong waste. Corrosive downpour can execute trees, annihilate the leaves of plants, can invade soil by making it unsatisfactory for motivations behind nourishment and home. Trees and plants may retain soil contaminants and leave them behind the natural way of life. Creatures Oil slicks in the oceans and seas bring about flying creatures and creatures (for example penguins and seals) being covered in oil. This makes it hard for them to buoy and keep warm and they may in the long beyond words. Strong waste in the water energizes the development of green growth which exhausts water of oxygen and murders marine life. Individuals, who don’t discard their junk, toss it on the ground. It is tragic for lost felines and pooches who meander the boulevards with nothing to eat except for trash. That is the means by which contamination is exceptionally successful on creatures and how they used to live. Contamination Originates in Nature Volcanic ejections, dust storms and common woods fires are one of the regular exercises that cause contamination. These occasions cause a lot of substances, for example, debris and residue, which are destructive to our wellbeing, to be added to the earth. The volcanic gases that represent the best potential peril to individuals, creatures, horticulture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide which additionally can be produced by backwoods flames, and hydrogen fluoride. Sulfur dioxide gas can prompt corrosive downpour and air contamination downwind from a fountain of liquid magma. Internationally, huge fountain of liquid magma hazardous ejections that infuse a gigantic volume of sulfur mist concentrates into the stratosphere can prompt lower surface temperatures and advance consumption of the Earths ozone layer. Since carbon dioxide gas is heavier than air, the gas may stream into in low-lying zones and gather in the dirt. The convergence of carbon dioxide gas in these regions can be deadly to individuals, creatures, and vegetation. A couple of noteworthy ejections have discharged adequate fluorine-mixes to disfigure or slaughter creatures that touched on vegetation covered with volcanic debris; fluorine mixes will in general become focused on fine-grained debris particles, which can be ingested by creatures. Approaches to Prevent Pollution Most human exercises produce some waste items, yet it is critical to ensure that we have as meager contamination as could be expected under the circumstances. Numerous individuals are changing to clean innovation. That implies having similar advantages from our cutting edge way of life without the contamination. Electric vehicles, naturally touchy washing powders and sun based fueled vitality are models. Less contamination isn't just useful for untamed life and nature human medical advantages from less contamination also. That implies lower doctor's visit expenses, and a superior personal satisfaction. There are numerous approaches to stop contamination like:- * The most ideal approach to forestall water contamination is to not toss junk and other hurtful synthetic concoctions into our water supplies since it makes hurt the streams and lakes. * Throw rubbish in the best possible spots. * Reduce, reuse, and reuse things in your home. * Because of water run-off, dont put oils down the tempest channel. * Cut the plastic ties on soft drinks so they dont hurt creatures on the off chance that the ties in up in the inlet. End We should all work to decrease contamination to move in the direction of a greener and more secure earth; for the people to come. Let’s give individuals trust in a superior future; and let’s delete the idea of the â€Å"2012† finishing, everywhere throughout the world.

Marketing Challenges of Sony Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Showcasing Challenges of Sony Company - Essay Example This exploration will start with the explanation that Sony ceaselessly directs item analysts making its clients continually in sit tight for whatever new improvement it has and these exercises principally help it to be decidedly pushed to its upper hand. Be that as it may, there ought to be other major significant data that ought to be obviously expounded so as to comprehend the overall difficulties that the organization faces. This essentially remembers the different changes for the commercial center which especially ought to consistently include political, monetary, social, innovative, ecological and legitimate elements and that's just the beginning. Under political factor, it is consistently normal to take a gander at the government’s conservatism with regards to managing business. One flawless model would be the situation of privatization. In each administration, there is consistently a solid remain on controlling the ascent of certain association. In Japan for example, di fferent associations are confronted with noteworthy difficulties in light of the fact that the legislature is attempting to secure the enthusiasm of little associations in their separate industry. Be that as it may, the capacity of Sony to use its center skills along with other association is a proof that there is consistently the correct planning in legislative issues. For example, Sony’s plan to use its center capabilities with a Swedish media transmission organization so as to beat Nokia came about to the introduction of Sony Ericsson. This joint endeavor is a wonderful confirmation that finding the perfect spot for every association is required so as to upgrade its center capabilities. This sooner or later has explicitly included the predominant political remain of a country which fundamentally has incredible effect on the whole business procedure of an association. For example, an administration disapproving of privatization may fundamentally make an effect on those asso ciations wanting to use their center capabilities through it. This is a demonstrated pattern in the entire business industry of gadgets. For example, each benefit association in this industry is basically attempting to be notably better than the other by arriving at its upper hand. Upper hand is something that should be worked out in light of the fact that it fills in as something that will improve center capabilities. The Sony Ericsson combining is a demonstration of improving the center skills of the organizations in question. Be that as it may, the central matter is to really consider having a significant level of upper hand. Similarly, legislative issues is engaged with here and this is the truth, to beat the adversaries and be the market head in a particular industry. Sony Ericsson is endeavoring to beat Nokia and numerous other market pioneers n the cell phone industry. As a general rule, Sony is profoundly influenced by the ever-changing patterns and the piece of the overall industry of its rivals. Sony is an enhanced organization covering distinctive market fragments for its differentiated items. Its enhancement from simply an electronic firm reminds its capability to develop. Nonetheless, these are filled by the ever-changing systems directed by its rivals who have certain concentration in their individual industry. For instance, the fluctuating vital moves of Nokia, Samsung, LG Electronics and Apple Incorporated activated Sony to accomplish more and attempt its best much significantly harder. This is because of the way that each contending association attempts to make their own upper hand so as to turn into the key player in its industry. Every one of these contending associations has explicit center capabilities that separate it from the other.

Health and safety law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Wellbeing and security law - Case Study Example The worker who is harmed can likewise through the common courts look for harms, remuneration because of wounds caused. This is done under the common law region like occupier’s risk and carelessness (Rosalyn, 2014a: 9). The decision of the master of Artkin to Donogue versus Stevenson case in 1932 can be utilized to go about as priority. He propounded that, â€Å"You must take sensible consideration to maintain a strategic distance from acts or exclusions which you can predict would probably harm your neighbor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rosalyn, 2014b: 5). In Jane’s case, hence she ought to go ahead and sue the Local Education Authority. This is on the grounds that they didn’t stay away from the expansion in the quantity of youngsters in the class. In a similar sense, the business would have forestalled the complaints through including an extra staff as a defensive measure. In Sam’s case, he ought not sue his worker since the carelessness was on his part with regards to his physical issue. He didn’t put on the defensive riggings regardless of the head instructor having remarked about the equivalent in a few events. Mr. James is in a situation to sue his manager on the premise that th e demonstration of Poppy made him break his arm. The head educator is a delegate of Local Education Authority accordingly making a demonstration of carelessness by the head instructor transferable to the Local Education Authority. The way that Poppy was welcomed by the head educator makes her the head teacher’s obligation and her negative demonstrations thusly can be summarized to be carelessness on part of the head instructor. This depends on the way that the â€Å"duty of care is set up as one having a place with the business to take sensible consideration for the wellbeing and security of his employees.† (Rosalyn, 2014b: 5). Jane’s and Mr. James’ case can likewise be based worth suing as far as the extent of study. For Jane’s case, the business would not accommodate skillful extra staff (Rosalyn, 2014b: 6). For Mr. James case, there was no proficient

In the News

In the News Once again, the New York Times has written about gifted education, this time a long and insightful article in the Sunday Magazine. Take some time and read it, you wont regret it: The Prodigy Puzzle Im glad the Times has seen fit to devote more inches to the topic of gifted education. Im also glad that some terrific organizations, like the Davidson Institute for Talent Development and the Johns Hopkins University Center for Talented Youth (CTY). Im glad to see one of my favorite teachers from my undergrad days at MIT, Jeanne Bamberger, mentioned. And Im glad it was the fourth most emailed story of the day maybe people really do care about education and the future of this country. Of course, I have some minor and not-so-minor quibbles with the article, which I wont detail now. But overall, I thought the piece was thought-provoking and well researched article. There was a nice section towards the end of the piece with some choice quotes: [Longtime MIT Professor] Norbert Wiener, the founder of cybernetics and himself a prodigy who went to Tufts at 11 and Harvard at 15, wrote that prodigious children need to develop a reasonably thick skin to feel they arent demonized and will find a niche, but not to expect the world to supply a spotlight. [Psychologist Dean Keith Simonton] speaks of the importance of being able to be on the failure track for a while, take time off, take a real risk. Creativity and innovation, he says he is convinced, depend on exposure to the unusual, to the diverse, to heterogeneity, which inspires a recognition that there are a lot of different ways of looking at different things. There are also all kinds of ways that this awareness that theres more than one possible world can dawn. For those of you intrigued by the program highlighted in the story, you should go learn more about the Davidson Fellows. Deadlines for this years honors start in early 2006. And with the holiday season coming up, I should note that a home subscription to the New York Times makes for a great gift. Even in this Age of the Internet, I do enjoy reading the newspaper of record daily during my subway ride to MIT and during lunch. A few other print periodicals I might recommend include The Economist, The New Yorker, and Science. They can be a little pricey, but you really do get what you pay for. My agenda for tomorrow: mostly reading more EA applications, followed by games at the house. Should be another good day.

The Unfulfilled Climax Eroticism, Sentimentalism and Narrative Form in Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey - Literature Essay Samples

In the â€Å"Narrative Desire† chapter of his larger work, Reading for Plot, author Peter Brooks discusses the different modes of desire that exist within a reader. He argues that these desires are the forces of momentum brought to a text that in fact structure plot and carry/create the thrust of the discourse. â€Å"Desire,† he writes, â€Å"is always there at the start of a narrative, often in a state of initial arousal, often having reached a state of intensity such that movement must be created, action undertaken, and change begun† (Brooks 38). Desire, therefore, initiates narrative. But, desire also devours the discourse it creates, this narrative â€Å"diminishing as it realizes itself, leading to an end that is the consummation†¦of its sense making† ( 52). â€Å"The paradox of narrative,† then, is that narrative desire is ultimately†¦desire for the end† (52). In other words, one reads only to reach an inevitable conclusion. At the same time, however, one is never quite able to arrive or articulate this â€Å"terminus,† for the end contains both the meaning and the destruction of the narrative (Brooks 58). Therefore, the â€Å"end† is substituted by way of metaphor, by an absence that allows the driving desire behind narrative to continue pushing the discourse forward.Although Brooks centers his analysis of narrative desire mainly on the 19th-century novel, similar dynamics are at work in Laurence Sterne’s A Sentimental Journey. In this text, Yorick the â€Å"hero-traveler† (and a semiautobiographical figuration of Sterne) is constantly initiating encounters that he does not see to a definite conclusion. Desire sets off his journey, as he decides to travel through France in order to settle an argument with a mate (who questions whether Yorick has ever seen France). This initial desire, this Eros, is extended and dilated throughout the text as a result of the narrative†™s reluctance to end, or its â€Å"substituting† of the end with various formal absences: digressions, pauses, the story fast-forwarding or stepping over reveling details (prolepses), etc. Because the narrative refuses to name the end that cannot be articulated, because it refuses to bring moments Eros to fruition in climax, it is prohibiting the pronouncement/expression of the word â€Å"sex.† Such a repression, which Michel Foucault identifies as beginning in the seventeenth century, leads not to a disappearance of the term, but, rather, to an incitement to discourse. The more sex is not named openly, the more it keeps reappearing in various other discourses, popping up in unexpected places.In this paper, I will demonstrate how three elements of A Sentimental Journey’s narrative form – its travelogue style, its use of embedded narrative, and its refusal to name or depict sex (but not renounce passion altogether) – are 1) all ways in which the narrative resists arriving to an end and 2) formally reflect this text’s interest with foreplay, with the extension of arousal and dissipation of Eros. In this way, Sterne is offering sentimentalism as an alternative to (although not complete renunciation of) libertinism. In the latter, sex is an immediate event capped (and deemed successful) upon achievement of climax. On the contrary, in A Sentimental Journey, libertine desire is polymorphously rechanneled. Eros is staggered and diverted into different kinds of pleasure, bound up both in the personal pursuit for titillation, and a more virtuous sense of good will towards mankind. One of the ways in which the form of A Sentimental Journey achieves its themes of sentimental erotic enjoyment and the rechanneling of libertine desire, is reflected in the travelogue style of the narrative (a classic motif that, in covering a kind of spatiality and temporality, thereby constructs narrative). A Sentimental Journey documents the travels of Yorick through France, but the travelogue is much more interested in recording the details of Yorick’s meandering journey – the individual characters and unique experiences he encounters along the way – than the concrete facts of any particular destination or locale. A Sentimental Journey emerged from a period in the 18th-century when the genre of the travel narrative (especially travels from Europe) was particularly popular. The novel is in fact a satire of Tobias Smollet’s Travels Trough France and Italy (1766), in which Smollett’s memories of his travels are so negative, so tainted with acrimony and disgust, that a reader would never be inspired or excited (i.e., pleased) by these visions from abroad. Smollet appears in Sterne’s novel as the character Smelfungus, a man whose misery and abundance of negative feelings â€Å"discoloured or distorted† his accounts of the many objects and sites he passed on his travels ( 28). For Smelfungus, travelling is a solipsistic, self-absorbed activity. Yorick (and thus Sterne), on the other hand, view travelling as opportunity for social, affecting experiences. â€Å"What a large volume of adventures,† says Yorick, â€Å"may be grasped within this little span of life by him who interests his heart in every thing, and who, having eyes to see, what time and chance are perpetually holding out to him as he jouneyeth on his way, misses nothing he can fairly get his hands on† (28). Yorick will vary course, will take detours, will focus on the minutia of his surroundings, because such an indeterminate path prolongs the sentimental pleasure of the path, giving him total access to his environment. For example, he initially plans to travel to Versailles in order to meet with Monsieur Le Duc de C and secure a passport. However, he never quite makes it to see Monsieur Le Duc, deciding instead to seek out the Count de B, a gentleman he has been told about over the course of his travels. Explaining his decision, Yorick says, â€Å"so I changed my mind a second time – In truth, it was the third† (76). Yorick does not arrive at his end, at his intended destination. In this way, the narrative turns back upon itself, moving sideways and cyclically, but never in a straight linear path. Therefore, the dynamic travelogue style occasions the opportunity for Yorick to experience an exciting variety of instances of good will towards men, and a multitude of small, erotic encounters. For example, it is in his wandering, indeterminate travels that he meets a character like his â€Å"valet† La Fleur, whose main defining characteristic is that â€Å"he is always in love† (33). From La Fleur, Yorick is reminded of the beauty, the happiness of falling in love, and recognizes that it is in these moments of passion that he is at his (moral) best. â€Å"The moment I am rekindled,† says Yorick, â€Å"I am all generosit y and good will again; and would do anything in the world either for or with any one† (34). It is in the figure of La Fleur the lover, the random character he meets on his journey, that Yorick imagines loves as a motive for generosity (and not self-fulfillment). On the other hand, his travels place him into contact with several lovely women, and thus several mini-scenes of erotic excitement (which is all about self-interest and self-fulfillment.). For example, Yorick meets Madame de L in Calais when he runs into the Monk he had previously denied charity. From this chance encounter, Yorick invites Madame de L into his carriage, and they hold hands. For the libertine, holding hands would be a waste of time, an unnecessary step blocking the rake’s entry to the female body. But this is where sentimentalism differs, for Yorick is gaining pleasure more from discreet sexy touches and erotic moments here and there, rather than in a full-blown sexual encounter. It is more than lust he feels for Madame de L – he responds to her visible melancholia and expresses the he â€Å"pitied her from [his[ soul† (20). Erotic pleasure and moral good-will are coupled in this paradigm of sentimentalism, a diversion of libertine desire The reluctance of A Sentimental Journey to admit an end, and its engagement as a kind of foreplay text, is also evident across the novel’s narrative levels. An example of how the discourse is being interrupted and extended, and thus the close of Yorick’s erotic/sentimental journey delayed (i.e. the climax deferred), is the digressions the main text of A Sentimental Journey takes in order to tell a seemingly unrelated story. This technique of embedded narrative is exemplified by the tale of the notary Yorick discovers printed on a sheet of waste paper. The details of the tale are less important than how much is actually narrated and available to the audience. In this story (â€Å"the fragment†), a haples s notary is wandering the streets until he is called in to record the last will and testament of a dying gentleman. The gentleman promises that he has quite the â€Å"uncommon,† compelling story to confess, and the discourse says that the notary was â€Å"inflamed with a desire to begin† (100). However, before the titillating, tantalizing story can begin to unfold, Yorick realizes that he has run out of paper. This is a three-way denial of satisfaction, a three-way deferral of climax: the notary, Yorick, and the outside reader of the text are all prevented from reaching total narrative/erotic fulfillment. However, desire here is not being denied, but rather dissipated through different chains of society. When Yorick learns that La Fleur used the last of the waste papers to wrap a bouquet for his love, Yorick demands that he find the piece of paper. La Fleur returns, empty handed, because that single sheet of waste paper that contains the climax of the notary tale, rep resenting the end to desire in this end of narrative, has passed through several hands. â€Å"His faithless mistress had given his gage d’amour to one of the Count’s footmen—the footman to a young sempstress—and the sempstress to a fidler† (101). The form of A Sentimental Journey is here enacting the activity of foreplay, of teasing and gently touching the reader without surrendering all its narrative secrets. However, because all single parties were denied full climax, the desire contained within the lines of the notary tale has remained active (desire remains alive with the lack of a narrative end). Again, desire has here been polymorphously rechanneled away from the libertine individual (extreme self-interest), and cast outward over an expanse of pleasure-seeking plurality, dissipated through a benevolent spread of Eros.It is important to note that, while the narrative text may be deferring the sexual moment of climax for Yorick, A Sentimental J ourney is in no way renouncing sex. The moment between Yorick and the fille de chambre seems to be a classic scene of libertine seduction. In their initial encounter at the Parisian bookstore, Yorick refrains from kissing the young maiden, wishing instead to teach her a lesson about virtue, and â€Å"bid God bless her† (66). On the second encounter, there seems to be some unresolved sexual tension between the two parties, which is manifested in a sexually-connoted interaction of their hands (they pass the maid’s green purse back and forth, and she slides her hand across Yorick’s neck when attempting to fix a tear in his clothing). The scene continues: [The purse] was in her right pocket at last – she pulled it out; it was green taffeta, lined with a little bit of white quilted satin, and just big enough to hold the crown – she put it into my hand – it was pretty; and I held it ten minutes with the back of my hand resting upon her lap à ¢â‚¬â€œ looking sometimes at the purse, sometimes on the side of it. (89)This moment is illustrated in fine detail, a level of magnification and precision that itself reflects the polymorphous rechanneling of a desire that in libertinism would have been embodied by the climax. Here, the narrative focus in on the small moments of physical contact and flirtation, evidence itself of how eroticism, in sentimentalism, appears in the tiniest details and in small, contained, titillating doses (restrained but also extra-sensuous). Then, suddenly, the narrative breaks. There is an interruption of this foreplay scene and the crucial moment of successful seduction. The discourse jumps to a new section, ironically entitled â€Å"The Conquest,† which for a moment leaves ambiguous whether or not Yorick has consummated the flirtation. He has not; again, Yorick is denied sexual climax by a narrative that refuses to provide an end to desire and erotic experience. Although Yorick (or the narra tive,) circumvents sex, he/it does not reject sexual love. Yorick actually makes a case for passion, defending his erotic passion:Yes—and then—Ye whose clay-clod heads and luke-warm hearts can argue down or mask your passions – tell me, what trespass is it that man should have them? or how his spirit stands answerable, to the father of spirits, but for his conduct under them? (90) Yorick displays possession of libertine desires. Yorick does not renounce erotic pleasure –he just demonstrates the capacity for restraint that both reflects and fuels his alliance with sentimentalism. He (or the narrative) wants to make sure his audience knows he is a man of sexual pleasure. But, in this era of sentimentalism, away from the comedies and love plots of the Restoration era, being a man of sexual pleasure is no longer enough. Restraint, manners, and civility were of increasing importance, integral to this developing notion of the cultivated, refined personality. To return to the â€Å"Narrative Desire† chapter, Brooks develops a resolution to the paradox of the death drive in narrative, the problem inherent to the idea that the reader seeks an end which cannot be named. â€Å"Narration,† he writes, â€Å"†¦is seen to be life-giving in that it arouses and sustains desire, ensuring that the terminus it both delays and beckons towards will offer what we might call a lucid repose, desire both come to rest and set in perspective† (Brooks 61). In other words, narration itself satisfies the desire which initiated the discourse. In his study of the 19th-century novel, Brooks wonders, if the end is the thing, why there is such a need for a middle in text? By avoiding the admission of â€Å"ends† at all costs, A Sentimental Journey is nothing but â€Å"middle.† It seems that the refusal to allow an ultimate sexual pleasure, increases the richness and scope of narrative pleasure. The more that ends and climaxes a re deferred, the more that Yorick’s journeys continue, there more that narrative choices emerge. Narratives include meaningful absences which it then invites readers to fill. It encourages enjoyment (and employment) of one’s own thoughts and feelings, and offers several opportunities for sense stimulation. In constantly deferring the moment of climax or termination, A Sentimental Journey is simply extending the opportunity for arousal and titillation over the expanse of its discourse, demonstrating how narrative is itself an articulation of sensual desire.]]

The Trending Topics Of 2014 - 1447 Words

Crowdfunding is on the trending topics of 2014. An entrepreneur could go online, make a page for themselves and start an attempt at crowd funding. Certain people have been able to acquire much more money but doing this, but why is that? In this proposal, I wish to be able to research whether or not more people are willing to donate in a personal level, meaning face-to-face, or would investors of today be more willing to donate money on an online platform such as crowdfunding. Roosterteeth, and independent film making company located in Austin Texas, is on the companies that has had a large success with crowd funding. In late June Roosterteeth put out a campaign on one of the most popular crowd funding sites, Indiegogo.com. Their original†¦show more content†¦The question becomes though, are people more likely to contribute to these projects online, or is it better for a company or entrepreneur to try to establish a relationship with a investor and go a more corporate route? In the academic article â€Å"Financing Creativity: Crowdfunding as a new Approach for Theater Projects† the writers Bejamin Boeuf, Jessica Darveau, and Renaud Legoux analyzed the success of theater production crowdfunding success on the the popular site Kickstarter.com. One of the things they researched in particular was how the incentives of the donations would entice people to be more likely donate or not. They broke this down into two different subsets, first being material rewards, such as DVDs, a program, or a poster. The second subset was symbolic, for example, a simple thank you, the name of the person who made the donation, or other options. In the end it seems that the materialistic option seemed to be a better way to entice people to donate to their cause. (Boeuf Darveau, 2014) Although the research they conducted on theater production crowdfunding may not be exactly what this research proposal is about, the theory that a materialistic reward for a donor seems to be the best way to way to entice donations may end up being helpful in researching why people may be more likely to donate online rather than in person. Another article that can explain just how this crowdfunding trend got started would be â€Å"The Brilliance (and

Analysis Of Regional Sustainability Assessment Based On...

The author stated that this paper was an attempt in showing the holarchical paradigm of the regional sustainability assessment based on the epistemology of sustainability, which can be seen between two polar which opposes the other making up a uniï ¬ ed system. On the other hand, you can ï ¬ nd a list described as a representation, in which sustainability is the result of the economic, the social and the environmental. However, complex certainty was the most relevant epistemological results of trying to deï ¬ ne sustainability. On the other hand, complexity and uncertainty could lead to the results that sustainability will not be expressed and, then your problem may depend on how you describe the object you act on. This will be the procedural†¦show more content†¦These things can arise from the deep systemic perception of reality. A simpler presentation for the external world would emerge to guided action. The systemic vision was one of the ï ¬ rst characteristics of sustainability. You can say that this means that they seek to improve a better quality of life, then gives greater opportunities for future generations, as they would still understand the reality as any integrated system. There should always be something aware so when we act on any given aspect of the reality, They are exerting some inï ¬â€šuence on other systems. There would also be an implicit demand on balance here since they were aware that the whole function has to become a certain level of balance. So that we can attain sustainability in our quality of life for long-term, there is a balance for the effort that we need to put forward that will be different aspects and make up for our social reality. Remember, this balance will be necessary because as we live in an integrated whole. The sustainability view is determined by the need of our to integrate the vision of the society we live in. Literature Can an integrated study be constructed as the sustainability analysis? In order to construct this integrated study it has to to be understood, that the region as a single uniï ¬ ed system. But, within that system, it is not the algebraic that we could imagine, only the entity that

Old Testament Summaries Essay - 706 Words

(Leviticus) The genre of law is depicted in the book of Leviticus. The word law is used in biblical works to refer to the commandments that Israelites were supposed to keep and it is also used in reference to the Pentateuch, as the Book of Law (Fee and Stuart). The book of Leviticus is one of the books that biblical history considers the Law along with Exodus, Deuteronomy, and Numbers. The book of Leviticus was written by Moses. This book was written in order to show Israelites the ways to live a holy life and how to worship the Lord, our God. Moses teaches, in the book of Leviticus, that the people of God are to be holy, just as God himself is holy (NKJV â€Å"Leviticus†). Leviticus 8 depicts the scene of Aaron’s atonement, by Moses, as†¦show more content†¦When Job and his friends begin to question God, He tells Job and his friends that in order for Him to fix things, they must trust in Him and not let doubt consume their minds (NKJV â€Å"Job†). When Job a nd his friends gave themselves to God and released all doubt, God allowed Job to regain his wealth and healed him. Through the experiences of Job and his friends, readers can see that God does allow some negative things to happen to people who live their life as good as possible (NKJV â€Å"Job†). Readers will also learn that when a bad situation arises, it is not necessarily God punishing them for sinning. (Isaiah) The book of Isaiah is of the prophecy genre. The author of the book of Isaiah is the prophet Isaiah. Throughout this book, Isaiah tell many prophecies about Jesus and his coming. During his prophecies, Isaiah uses many different names for God. By doing this, the people of that time, between 739 and 680 B.C., and readers today can see that God is our judge, that He is holy, and that God is our salvation (NKJV â€Å"Isaiah†). Isaiah explains to the people of Judah that they must quit doing wicked and sinful things. Isaiah goes on to warn these people, that if they do not stop, God will punish them. During this time, God was punishing Israel but Isaiah continued to explain to the people of Judah that God will always comfortShow MoreRelatedSummary : The Old Testament 1238 Words   |  5 Pages Scriptural Perspectives In the Old Testament, many false religions included self-mutilation as worship. In 1 Kings 18:24-29, the prophets of Baal are described as cutting themselves with swords and spears in worship to their false god. As a result, God made a law against cutting as a form of worship in Leviticus 19:28: â€Å"You shall not make any cuts on your body for the dead or tattoo yourselves: I am the Lord.† Later, in the New Testament, cutting oneself was associated with a person who was knownRead MoreBook Summary of John H. Walton, Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament:4623 Words   |  19 PagesJohn H. Walton’s Ancient Near Eastern Thought and the Old Testament: Introducing the Conceptual World of the Hebrew Bible is broken up into fourteen chapters. Those fourteen chapters are each part of one of five sections. This book also contains over twenty historical images. Before the introduction, the author gives readers a full appendix of all images used in this published work. The author then gives his acknowledgements followed by a list of abbreviations. Part 1- Comparative studies TheRead MoreThe Books of the Old Testament: A Summary853 Words   |  3 PagesSummary of the Books of the Old Testament Narrative book Exodus The book of Exodus is noted as a narrative though is gradually changes to the book of law as chapter 20 where God reveals to Moses the Ten Commandments. The narrative is around 400 years after Jacobs family moved to Egypt and had many descendants. These descendants were under extreme torture and slavery by the Egyptians. Moses, though raised as an Egyptians in the kings palace he was born of an Israelite and tossed away by theRead MoreSummary of the Books of the Old Testament1161 Words   |  5 PagesMarsha D. Owen 25178682 Introduction to Biblical Literature June 6, 2012 Summary of the books of the Old Testament Books Numbers The book of Numbers is mostly law, with some narrative. The key theme for this book is how the post-Exodus Israelites journeyed to the Promised Land. Despite God’s provisions for their well being, they were not thankful and doubted God. Their doubt and ungratefulness led to punishment by God. As a result of their lack of faith, they would spend 40 years wanderingRead MoreOld Testament Book Summaries Essay861 Words   |  4 PagesCheryl Welch L24623773 Bible 104 D67 November 15, 2011 Summary of the books of the Old Testament Books Leviticus The genre of this book is law and it was written by Moses, although it is believed that Joshua reported on his death. The key themes include God’s covenant with Israel, instructions on the early Israelite religion, instructions on the sacrificial system, holiness, cleanliness and the priesthood. God had intervened and delivered the people from slavery and was now establishingRead MoreThe Question Of Canon As A Good Deal Of Modern Day Biblical Scholarship Essay1199 Words   |  5 PagesChristian religion itself†. (21) Kruger carefully surveys the extrinsic model by locating five of its major tenets and disclosing its major trouble. Each chapter critiques the extrinsic model and opens up the threshold for the intrinsic model. Chapter Summaries Chapter 1 - The Definition of Cannon analyzes the definitions of Canon and Scripture and how we must make a sharp distinction between the two. Kruger paints a picture that the direction forward in this argument over nomenclature is to define canonRead MoreThe Old Testament Essay1498 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Old Testament can be very hard for many people to look to for guidance. The difficulty often comes because the questions they have in today’s society may not relate to the Old Testament. â€Å"Much biblical scholarship is narrowly historical-critical and does not seek to draw out the ethical-theological dimensions of the text.† (297) Pastors have the task of relating the Old Testament to today’s problems and it can be quite a challenge. Addressing moral issues is a difficult issueRead MoreThe Structure of Biblical Authority998 Words   |  4 Pagessuzerain, God sovereignly rules his vassals with covenant stipulations. Part One In chapter one, Formal Origins of Biblical Canon, Kline shows how the origin of the Old Testament canon, coincided with the founding of Israel at the establishment of the covenant at Sinai. It is around this very treaty that the totality of the Old Testament canon was formed. Therefore, canon is inherent in covenant: the same type of covenants which were attested in the ancient world. Therefore, we ought to turn to thisRead MoreOld Testament Of The Christian Faith1160 Words   |  5 PagesRaymond Tarango Old testament reflection This Old Testament coarse has given me new insight on the origins of the Christian faith. It has given further explanation on stories I only knew vaguely of. I have a clearer view on the stories of the Old Testament. From god flooding the world to the adversity of the Hebrew people. The Old Testament coarse has given me new insight on the way I see the Christian faith. In the Old Testament there are many occurrences when god does the bizarre toRead MoreAnalysis of Christopher J. H. Wright ´s Writings on The Old and New Testament1162 Words   |  5 Pagesdoctorate in â€Å"Old Testament economic ethics. Wright is now the international director of the Langham Partnership International (known in the United States as John Stott Ministries), providing literature, scholarships and preaching training for pastors in Majority World churches and seminaries.† [1] Wright has written numerous books which; he displays in many of these books, an aspiration to accentuate the significance of the Old Testament. Wright’s central message in his text is that the Old Testament

The Witch Trials Witchcraft And The Devil Swept Through...

The year was 1692, when terror of witchcraft and the devil swept through the little Salem village. When the trials came about people turned on their enemies and even family turned on other family members with accusations of witchcraft. Throughout this process many people were hung or stoned to death because they were found guilty of having relations with the devil or for not admitting to witchcraft. Many books and articles have been published about the Salem witch trials but most of them were written in different ways by the approach the authors takes, how they interpret the information from that time period and the content they use. They also differ by the accounts they make towards certain individuals, along with the approach they take to tell what happened during the Salem witch trials. In the nonfiction book, The Devil In Massachusetts by Marion L. Starkey, she tells a dramatic story about what had happened before, during, and after the Salem witch trials, to make what she is say ing more interesting. While compared to a nonfiction book, The Salem Wichcraft Trials: A Legal History written by a historian named Peter Charles Hoffer, where he is very straight forward because he uses factual evidence from primary and secondary source puritain writers and he gives those writers credit in his bibliographic essay. When comparing these two works of nonfiction, The Devil In Massachusetts and The Salem Witchcraft Trials: A Legal History they show similarShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough many people have their assumptions as to what specifically caused the Salem Witch Trials, no one has a definite account. One must use logic and prior knowledge to come to the conclusion and realize that multiple factors play a key role in causing the trials. The Salem Witch Trials were caused by religion, politics, teenage boredom, family feuds, economic conditions, and fears of the people. The overall effect of the trials was a major part in American history, not only was it a learning experienceRead MoreEssay on Salem Witch Trials Of 16921061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials of 1692 In colonial Massachusetts between February of 1692 and May of 1963 over one hundred and fifty people were arrested and imprisoned for the capital felony of witchcraft. Trials were held in Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover and Salem Town of Essex County of Massachusetts, but accusations of witchcraft occurred in surrounding counties as well. Nineteen of the accused, fourteen women and five men, were hanged at Gallows Hill near Salem Village. Hysteria had swept throughRead More Comparing the Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials Essay2439 Words   |  10 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials and Modern Satanic Trials      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cotton Mather, in his The Wonders of the Invisible World, preserved for posterity a very dark period in Puritanical American society through his account of the Salem witch trials in 1692. His description is immediately recognizable as being of the same viewpoint as those who were swept up in the hysteria of the moment. Mather viewed Salem as a battleground between the devil and the Puritans. The New Englanders are a people of God settledRead MoreCauses of the Salem Witch Craft Trials2052 Words   |  9 Pagesin Salem Village, and there is no evidence from the time that Tituba practiced Caribbean black magic, yet these trials and executions actually still took place, how can you explain why they occurred? The Salem Witchcraft Trials began not as an act of revenge against an ex-lover, as they did in The Crucible, but as series of seemingly unlinked, complex events, which a paranoid and scared group of people incorrectly linked. And while there were countless other witchcraft trials, Salemîâ€" ¸ trials remainRead MoreCauses of the Salem Witch Trials: Political, Religious and Social5005 Words   |  21 PagesBetween the months of June to September of 1692, the infamous witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts resulted in the hanging of 19 men and women; the deaths of five others, including two children, while imprisoned in jail; the pressing to death of an 80-year old man, and the stoning of two dogs for collaborating with the Devil. Hundreds of others faced accusations and dozens more were jailed for months during the progress of the trials. For over three hundred years these events have not only capturedRead MoreThe Trials Of The Salem Witch Trials2486 Words   |  10 PagesThe Salem Witch Trials were a series of accusations, trials, and executions based on the supposed outbreak of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts. The trials began during the spring of 1692, and the last of them ended in 1693. It all started when two young girls, Abigail and Betty Parris, began experiencing violent convulsions and outbursts, which were thought to be brought about by witchcraft. Whether they were faking these symptoms, were afflicted with an actual sickness, or were experiencing themRead MoreMagic Of The Witch Trials2461 Words   |  10 Pagesbelief of magic came the terrifying thought of people using it against you. The thought of dark magic being used by witches swept across Europe that resulted into a mass panic that resulted into the deaths of over ten thousand people. And just when the panic was dying down around 1692, the small and devoted Christian town of Salem, Massachusetts became the victim of the witch trials. The use of magic was common in Greek and Roman times, it was believed that magic could be used to cure illnesses or forRead MoreWitch Hunts: Then and Now Essay2536 Words   |  11 Pagesworldwide mass hysteria came out of the medieval period and swept across Europe and Colonial North America with speed. The concept of magic versus religion, specifically witchcraft, became the prominent collective-obsessional-behavior problem around the beginning of the 15th century. By the end of the 16th century, it had spread to the Puritans in the British colonies of New England and soon resulted in the shattering of due process through religious extremism. Roughly 400 years later, the U.S. mainstreamRead More Human Nature in Sebastian Faulks Birdsong and Arthur Millers The Crucible4272 Words   |  18 PagesFaulks Birdsong and Arthur Millers The Crucible Both The Crucible, a play written by Arthur Miller, and the novel, Birdsong, by Sebastian Faulks, are pieces of literature based around historical events. Millers play is set during the Salem Witch trials of 1692 and Birdsong concentrates primarily on characters involved in the First World War which took place from 1914 to 1918. Both of these periods in history are examples of times when human beings have displayed the darker side to theirRead MoreEssay on How Miller Uses Reverend Hale in The Crucible4650 Words   |  19 Pagesabout witchcraft; but he knows almost nothing about the people of Salem or the contention that is wracking the town. How pompous and arrogant he must sound when he says, â€Å"Have no fear now--we shall find [the Devil] out if he has come among us, and I mean to crush him utterly if he has shown his face!† And yet he has every reason to be confident. To Hale, demonology is an exact science, for he has spent his whole life in the study of it. â€Å"We cannot look to superstition in this. The Devil is precise

Physically Visiting the Markets and Use of Telephone/Mobile Phone Free Essays

Marketing of Major Fish Species in Bangladesh: A Value Chain Analysis a power of fishries industry loaded with more documents Physically visiting the markets and use of telephone/mobile phone are the common sources of collecting market information for all value chain actors. Fellow traders are also a source of market information for the value chain actors except processing plants. Processing plant and LC paikers mainly depend on email/internet to obtain market information Md. We will write a custom essay sample on Physically Visiting the Markets and Use of Telephone/Mobile Phone or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ferdous Alam Research Fellow, Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Md. Salauddin Palash Assistant Professor Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Md. Idris Ali Mian Professor, Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh Madan Mohan Dey Professor, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, USA November 2012 _____________________________________ A report submitted to Food and Agriculture Organization for the project entitled A Value-chain Analysis of International Fish Trade and Food Security with an Impact Assessment of the Small-scale Sector Marketing of Major Fish Species in Bangladesh: A Value Chain Analysis Table of Contents Section |Section title |Page | | |Glossary of terms |iv | | |Abbreviation |v | | |Weights, Measures and Conversions |v | | |Local and Scientific names of the species of fish considered |v | | |Acknowledgements |vi | | |Executive Summary |vii | | 1 |Introduction †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |1 | | 2 |Statement of the Problem †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |2 | | 3 |Methodology †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |3 | | 4 |Results and Discussion †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ â⠂¬ ¦ †¦ †¦ |5 | | 4. 1 |Overview of fish marketing practices †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |5 | | 4. 1 |Buying and selling †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |5 | | 4. 12 |Grading †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |10 | | 4. 13 |Storage †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |11 | | 4. 14 |Transportation †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |11 | | 4. 15 |Financing †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |13 | | 4. 6 |Market Information †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |15 | | 4. 17 |Packaging †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |16 | | 4. 18 |Pricing †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |17 | |4. 2 |Fish Marketing Channels †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |17 | |4. 3 |Characteristics of Market Participants †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |21 | |4. 4 |Value addition costs by different actors †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |23 | |4. | Marketing Margin †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |28 | |4. 6 |Distribution of Value Addition Cost and Net Profit †¦ †¦ †¦ |32 | |4. 7 |Intermediaries Share to Consumers’ Taka †¦ †¦ †¦ |33 | | 5 |Conclusion †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |34 | | |References †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |39 | List of Tables Table |Title of tables |Page | |1 |Distribution of samples from different areas †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |5 | |2 |Percent of tilapia fish transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |6 | |3 |Percent of Rohu fish transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |6 | |4 |Percent of Catla fish transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |7 | |5 |Percent of Pangas fish transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |8 | |6 |Percent of hilsha fish transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |8 | |7 |Percent of shrimp transacted by value chain actors †¦ †¦ †¦ |9 | |8 |Sources of finance of major carps, pangas, and tilapia fish |14 | | |Farmers and intermediaries †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ | |9 |Sources of finance of hilsha fish Farmers and intermediaries †¦ †¦ |14 | |10 |Sources of finance of shrimp farmers and intermediaries †¦ †¦ †¦ |15 | |11 |Sources of market information for Farmers and intermediaries †¦ †¦ |15 | |12 |Pricing methods followed in selling fish in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ |17 | |13 |Total marketing cost of different intermediaries involved with major carps, pangs and tilapia marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |24 | |14 |Total marketing cost of different inter mediaries involved with hilsha marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |25 | |15 |Total marketing cost of different intermediaries involved with shrimp marketing†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ | | | | |27 | |15 |Total marketing cost of different intermediaries involved with shrimp marketing (continued) | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |27 | |16 |Marketing margin of Aratdar involved with major carps, pangs and tilapia marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |29 | |17 |Marketing margin of Inter-district Paiker involved with Pangas fish marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |30 | |18 |Marketing margin of Paiker involved with major carps, pangas and Tilapia marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |30 | |19 |Marketing margin of Retailer involved with major carps, pangas and tilapia marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 30 | |20 |Average net marketing margin of different intermediaries for major carps, pangas and tilapia fish | | | |marketing in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ |31 | |21 |Average net marketing margins of different intermediaries involved with hilsha fish marketing | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |31 | |22 |Average net marketing margin of different intermediaries involved with shrimp marketing in Bangladesh | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |32 | |23 |Percentage distribution of value addition cost and profit by intermediaries and fish marketing system| | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |33 | |24 |Share of intermediaries to in consumer’s Taka according to distribution channel †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |34 | List of Figures Figure |Title of figures |Page | |1 |Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries for movement of major carps, pangs and tilapia | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |11 | |2 |Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries for movement of Shrimp †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |12 | |3 |Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries for movement of Hilsha †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ | | | |†¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |13 | |4 |Value chains of major carps, pangs and tilapia | | | |in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |18 | |5 |Value chains of hilsha in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |19 | |6 |Value chains of shrimp in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |20 | |7 |Components of costs for carps, pangs and tilapia †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |26 | |8 |Components of costs for Hilsha †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |26 | |9 |Components of costs for S hrimp †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |26 | List of Boxes Box |Title of Boxes |Page | |1 |Grading practices of different species of fishes †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |10 | |2 |Packaging practices of fish marketing in Bangladesh †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ |16 | Glossary of Terms |Arat |Generally an office, a store, or a warehouse in a market place from which an Aratdar conducts his | | |business | |Aratdar |Main actor in the fish distribution system. An Aratdar arranges or negotiates sales for the sellers | | |on a commission basis. He often acts as a wholesaler. He is also a main provider of fisheries credit | | |to the fishers | |Paiker/Bepari |A Paiker is a middleman in the fish marketing chain; often covers the assembly function in the chain,| | |acting as Dadandar at the same time; depending on the location sometimes also referred to as | | |wholesaler or retailer. They are also called Bepari |Nikari |A Nikari is an informer middleman who does not have the ownership of fish but sets a bridge between | | |buyers and sellers and receive commission from Farmers and fishers | |Faria |Farias are intermediaries usually operating in the hilsha marketing process who purchases small | | |quantity of fish from fishermen far away from the market and carry it to the terminal point and sell | | |it to Aratdar or retailer | |LC Paiker |These intermediaries purchase hilsha fish from fishermen through Aratdar and export to overseas | | |mar ket. They are authorized LC (Letter of Credit) holder to export. | |Account Holder |They are intermediary and operate in the shrimp supply chain. They act as the commission agent and | | |constitute the major profit making actor in the shrimp value chain. Account Holders are very powerful| | |as they are the party who supply shrimp to the processing plants. Processing plants are made to buy | | |shrimp from the Account holders only. |Dadan |This is a kind of loan given to the fishermen by Aratdars and mohajans (traditional money lenders) | | |on condition that fish are required to be sold to them compulsorily. Sometimes prices are | | |predetermined | |Koyal |Koyals are persons who conduct the auction for the Aratdars. They organize the auction by offering | | |initial price of the lot to the assembled buyers. They then loudly inform the prices offered by the | | |buyers before the auction participants. The process is repeated by them until final price is fixed | | |up. | Abbreviati ons Acronym |Full title | |FAO |Food and Agricultural Organizations of the United Nations | |DoF |Department of Fishery | |ADB |Asian Development Bank | |FGD |Focused Group Discussions | |LC |Letter of Credit | |NGO |Non-government Organizations | |Tk |Taka, Bangladesh Currency | |USDA |United States Department of Agriculture | Weights, Measures and Conversions Exchange rates (Jan 2011) 1 US dollar ($) = Tk75. 00 1 Maund = 40 Kg Local and Scientific names of the species of fish considered Local name | Scientific name | |Rohu | Labeo rohita | |Catla | Catla catla | |Pangas | Pangasius hypophthalmus | |Tilapia | Oreochromis nilotica | |Hilsha | Tenualosa ilisha | |Giant Tiger Shrimp | Penaeus monodon . | |Giant River Prawn | Macrobrachium rosenbergii | |Vennamei (whiteleg) shrimp | Litopenaeus vannamei | | | | Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and Norwegian Agency for International Development (NORAD) for the technical implementation and funding respectively of the project entitled â€Å"A Value-chain Analysis of International Fish Trade and Food Security with an Impact Assessment of the Small-scale Sector†. We are also grateful to Dr. Audun Lem, Senior Fishery Industry Officer, Policy and Economics Division, Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of FAO, Rome, for providing overall administrative support in conducting the project activities. The authors express sincere appreciation to Professor Dr. Trond Bjorndal, Director, CEMARE, the University of Portsmouth, UK for his keen interest in this value chain paper. His critical comments and professional suggestions have been highly helpful in organizing the paper. Prof. Dr. Daniel V Gordon of the University of Calgary, Canada deserves appreciation for his suggestions and comments during the value chain study workshop held in Japan, which helped the authors to organize the paper. The authors express sincere appreciation to the graduate students of the Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, for conducting the field surveys in various fish markets. The opinions of the participating members of the focused group discussion conducted in Khulna have been highly valuable and the authors thank them for their input. The different fish market intermediaries, who by sacrificing their valuable time, participated in the survey are also highly appreciated. Finally, the first author expresses deep sense of gratitude to the Institute of Agricultural and Food Policy Studies and the Universiti Putra Malaysia for approving him to be involved in this project. Executive Summary Background of the project Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations is implementing a research project entitled a value-chain analysis of international fish trade and food security with an impact assessment of the small-scale sector with the financial support of NORAD. The objective of the project is to achieve a better understanding of the dynamics of relevant value-chains in international fish trade and arrive at policy recommendations. The project aims at analyzing the distribution of benefits in the value-chain and the linkages between the relative benefits obtained as well as the design of the chain. The project also aims at making comparisons between domestic, regional and international value-chains with the view to understand better how developing countries can increase the value derived from their fishery resources. Twelve countries (10 developing and 2 developed countries) are participating in this project including Bangladesh. This report is based on the cross section component of the value chain analysis of Bangladesh fish marketing. Objectives of the study The study addresses the overall fish marketing system of Bangladesh with particular emphasis to the extent of value addition during the process of marketing of rohu, catla, pangas, tilapia, hilsha and shrimp. The specific objectives of the study are to: i) identify different marketing channels and intermediaries involved therein and their roles in fish marketing, ii) determine the extent of value addition in terms of costs in successive stages of fish movement, and iii) determine marketing margins of the intermediaries. A related, complementary study deals with price transmission mechanism across seafood value chain in the country (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) Location of study and data The study is conducted in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca upazila (sub-district) under Mymensingh district of north-central Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub-district under Bogra district of northern Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub-district under Khulna district of southern Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub-district of Chandpur district of south-central Bangladesh, and v) Jatrabari area of Dhaka district. A combination of participatory, qualitative and quantitative methods is used for primary data collection. Total sample size of the study is 200 comprising of 35 Farmers, 75 brokers and marketing agents, 5 depot owner, 2 processing plants and 73 retailers. Value chains (marketing channel) The longest supply chain involves six intermediaries for live Pangas (fish farmer, nikari, paiker, aratdar, retailer and consumer). Two supply chains identified for carps and tilapia involve five intermediaries (fish farmer, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumer) and 4 intermediaries (fish farmer, aratdar, retailer and consumer) respectively. Supply chain of hilsha comprises of six intermediaries, namely fishermen, aratdar, paiker, aratdar, retailer and consumer for the distant domestic market. Two other identified channels for hilsha marketing involve respectively five intermediaries (fishermen, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumer) and four intermediaries (fishermen, aratdar, retailer and consumer) for the local markets. The overseas hilsha marketing channel involves four intermediaries namely, fishermen, aratdar, LC paiker and overseas consumers. Domestic supply chains for shrimp marketing involve four intermediaries (shrimp farmer, aratdar, retailers and consumer) for local market and five intermediaries (shrimp farmers, aratdar, paiker, retailer and consumers) for distant markets. Three overseas supply chains are identified for shrimp marketing. The involved intermediaries are at most six, namely, shrimp farmer, aratdar, bepari, account holder, processing plant and overseas consumer. Characteristics of intermediaries Fish farmers and fishermen are the first link in the fish marketing channels. They are the supplier of fish to the market. Nikari (informer) is a middleman who does not have the ownership of the product but establishes a bridge between buyers and sellers and receive commission from farmer @0. 50 Taka/kg in the study areas in case of major carps. Faria, another type of intermediary, is found in hilsha marketing system who purchases a small quantity of fish form fishermen far away from the market and carry it to the terminal point and sell it to aratdar or retailer in the study areas. Paiker or bepari handles large volume of fish. They purchase fish from fish farmers at farm or through aratdar in the local market and sell them to the retailers through aratdar or commission agent in secondary market. LC paiker (licensed trader/exporter) purchase hilsha fish from fishermen through aratdar and sell (export) their entire product to overseas market. Aratdars negotiate sales of fish on behalf of the producers/ seller. Aratdars arrange selling of fish through an auctioning system and receive a commission. Aratdars often act as a supplier of dadan. Shrimp depot owners are the permanent shopkeepers having their own premises and staffs in markets and act as the middle functionary between farmers and commission agents. Their shops (establishments) are called ‘Depot’. This group of traders mostly offers dadon – cash as loans to farmers, in return for buying the shrimp at a pre-fixed price, which may be well below the market level. Account holders act as the commission agent and constitute the major profit making actors in the shrimp value chain. They finance paikers and farmers and give credit to the processing plants. Retailers, the last intermediaries of fish marketing channel, do not have any permanent establishment but they have fixed places to sit in the market places or wandering with hari (aluminium pot) on head from door to door. Buying and selling Farmers (producers) sell 5-12% of rohu, catla, and tilapia directly to paikers and 85-95% is passed on to aratdar and subsequently purchased by paiker . Only a small portion is sold directly to retailers. For pangas, farmers sell 54% to paiker directly, 46% indirectly to paiker via aratdar and only 3% to retailers. Hilsha shows a different picture where fishers sell 16% to faria directly. Most intermediaries purchase fish from aratdars. In the study, 24% goes to faria, 16% to paikar, 12% to LC paiker and 32 % to retailers via aratdars. For shrimp, major portion (65%) is sold to bepari and paiker through aratdar. Depot owner is also an important party for the farmers to sell shrimp. Paikars and retailers transact (buy and sell) most of the traded fish through aratdars. Thus aratdar is the most important intermediary in the fish marketing chains and is only involved in negotiating sales on behalf of the sellers on a commission basis. In general, farmer/fisher, aratdar, paiker, and retailers are the important intermediaries playing notable role in the marketing of fish. Account holders are intermediaries and operate in the shrimp supply chain. They act as the commission agent and constitute the major profit making actor in the shrimp value chain. Account holders play a significant role in shrimp marketing. Marketing functions Grading Grading is an important activity in fish marketing as different sizes of fish fetch different prices. Grading facilitates buying and selling of fish. Most fish are graded on the basis of size (weight). However, in the case of hilsha, location (source of capture/catch) is also a factor in the grading procedure. Hilsha harvested from river (river Padma) and from sea (called fishes from Nama’s) are often differentiated in terms of their prices. Usually, hilsha caught from Padma river fetch higher price. Fish are graded into three categories namely, small, medium and large depending on size (weight). However, weights across species vary depending on species graded. Shrimp has a different grading system than fish. Here grading is based on number of pieces forming one kg. Storaging The storage function is primarily concerned with making goods available at the desired time. It enables traders to obtain better prices for their products. Being a highly perishable commodity, fish requires extremely specialized storage facilities matching the seasonal demand. In the shrimp industry, only the processing plants use proper storage systems in order to be able to export to the world market. Other intermediaries use only ice to transport fishes from one place to another. Surprisingly, no refrigerated van is used in Bangladesh to transport fish. Live pangas is transported from one place to another place using water in the plastic drums. Transporting Fish farmers and intermediaries use various modes of transportation such as van, rickshaw, truck, passenger bus, pickup, Nasimon (locally made pick-up type van for transporting passengers and goods), head load etc, to transfer products from the producing areas to the consumption centres. Ice is used while transporting the fish as most carriers are non-refrigerated. Rohu, catla, hilsha and other assorted fish often are sold in the urban areas with refrigerated vans to a very limited scale by the DoF, BFDC and some private firms. Financing Most of the fish farmers/ fishermen, aratdars, paikers and are self-financed. Other sources of finance for the farmers are banks, friends and relatives, and dadon. Aratdars and paikars also borrow from banks, NGOs, and friends and relatives. However, finance of hilsha fishermen come totally from aratdar/mahajon (who provides dadan). Fishermen receiving dadon from aratdars/mohajans are bound to sell their produce to them, sometimes at predetermined prices, which in most cases are lower than prevailing market prices. Farmer, aratdar, bepari and retailer involved in shrimp transaction are self-financed. Depot owners use a combination of own fund, bank, NGO and aratdars for shrimp financing. Paikers use dadon from aratdars besides their own fund to run their business. Account holders partly and processing plant owners mostly depend on bank loans to accelerate the business operations. Market information Physically visiting the markets and use of telephone/mobile phone are the common sources of collecting market information for all value chain actors. Fellow traders are also a source of market information for the value chain actors except processing plants. Processing plant and LC paikers mainly depend on email/internet to obtain market information. Packaging ‘Bamboo, tied with rope and polythene is used by farmers, paikers and retailers of major carps, pangas and tilapia fish for packaging. Agents also use plastic drum to transport fish (mostly pangas) in live form. Now a day’s ‘plastic crate’ is commonly used by all types of intermediaries in Bangladesh. Steel and wooden’ box are used in hilsha fish marketing by paikers, beparis and LC paikers. ‘Box’ made of cork sheet is widely used by Account holders and processing plant owners in shrimp marketing and LC paikers in hilsha fish marketing. Pricing Depot owner, bepari and account holder of shrimp marketing chain follow prefixed prices set by the processing plants. Farmer, aratdar, paiker, LC paiker, and processing plants practice open bargaining, auction and going market prices method for fixing price of their products in varying degree. Retailers follow open bargain for selling their fish to consumers. Value addition Value is added when products pass different stages and move from one intermediary to another. The different cost components required for successive movement of fish are transportation, basket packaging, icing, wages and salaries, aratdar’s commission, house rent, security, electricity, telephone, personal expenses, tips-donation, wastage, dadon cost, government taxation, subscription for cooperatives (for hilsha), export packaging (shrimp). Total value added cost per maund (40 kg) is Taka 953. 13 for carps, pangas and tilapia; Taka 3707 for hilsha and Taka 5036 for shrimp. For carps, pangas and tilapia. The top three cost components are transportation, aratdar’s commission, and icing. For hilsha, the cost items are aratdar’s commission, transportation, and basket (packaging). For shrimp, the top three cost additions are aratdar’s commission, transportation, and salaries for shrimp. Marketing margin Net marketing margins per maund of carp, pangas and tilapia for farmers, aratdars, inter-district paikers, paikers and retailers are Tk3257, Taka 54, Taka 194, Taka 337 and Taka 633 respectively. The net margins of hilsha are Taka 297 for aratdars, Taka 228 for inter-district paikers, Taka 902 for LC paiker, Taka 520 for paiker and Taka 1223 for retailers. Farmer’s net marketing margin per maund of shrimp is Taka 20366 followed by processing plant (Taka 1650), retailer (Taka 1524), paiker (Taka 1417), depot owners (Taka 1006), bepari (Taka 720) and aratdar (Taka 201). Retailers enjoy the lion’s share of the total marketing margin. Distribution of value addition cost and profit For major carp, pangas and tilapia, major cost and profit are borne by paikers (32. 03 % of the total cost) and retailers (51. 8 % of the total net profit) . For hilsha and shrimp marketing, major costs are incurred by inter district beparis, LC paikers, paikers and fishermen but major net profits are reaped by retailers and processing plant owners . Farmers in shrimp marketing bear the major marketing cost (23. 70 % of total cost) because they have to pay the aratdar’s commission. Farmers’ share of consumer Taka Farmers’ share of the consumers prices for different fishes seem to be reasonable except for hilsha fish. Farmer received 67%, 72% and 76% share of the consumer’s Taka for major carp-pangas-tilapia, shrimp (overseas value chain) and shrimp(domestic value chain) respectively. However, for hilsha, the major share (46%) of consumer Taka goes to mahajon, and fishermen receive only 31%. Price spread per kg ranges from Taka 39. 83 to Taka 177. 50. Conclusions and recommendations The study reveals that the value chain of major carps, pangas, tilapia, hilsha and shrimp are long and very complex. Fish flows to a number of channels from the producing centers. Fish sold in a particular market may originate through more than one channel. There are involvements of many intermediaries in the channel. Involvement of some intermediaries seems to be redundant whose presence just adds a cost to the consumer and a loss to the fisher. Fish purchased by consumers in Bangladesh mostly consists of the primary product and does include limited marketing services. Non-existence of good road and transport networks with the landing (assembling) centers deprive small-scale artisanal riverine fishers to get fair price due to their inability to sell directly to the assembling points/landing centers Contact fish farming arranged by some super stores tend to reduce the existence of number of intermediaries making the channel shorter. Bulk of the fish sold in the markets is unprocessed. An emerging new phenomenon in fish marketing in Bangladesh is the availability of fish in super markets, who are increasingly becoming important retailers. Beparies and paikers bear the most cost of marketing while retailers enjoy the lion’s share of the profit. Farmers receive relatively higher share (approximately 70%) of the retail value for all species under study except for hilsha. Though fish marketing in Bangladesh is beset with a number of problems, there have been a number of positive changes that are expected to improve fish marketing environment in the country. These positive drivers include, i) the shift from subsistence to commercial fish farming, ii) emergence of super-markets, and iii) a changing social attitude towards fish marketing, as it is increasingly considered as a less dishonourable job as was thought in the past. Although private bodies control the most of fish marketing, for better fish marketing, government should also play active role in providing physical facilities like refrigerated storage, refrigerated vans, good market places with related facilities like water, ice, electricity, drainage facilities and sitting arrangements etc. Development of road networks is greatly needed, which is a responsibility of the government. Monitoring needs to be done to ensure that market regulations are be strictly followed. 1. Introduction Large number of different types of water bodies both inland and marine makes Bangladesh one of the most suitable countries of the world for freshwater aquaculture. The freshwater inland aquaculture production in Bangladesh is the second highest in the world after China (FAO, 2009). The total annual fish production is estimated at 2. 90 million tonnes in 2009-10 (Bangladesh fiscal year: 1 July-30 June), of which 1. 35 million tonnes (46. 62%) are obtained from inland aquaculture, 1. 02 million tonnes (35. 53%) from inland capture fisheries, and 0. 52 million tonnes (17. 85%) from marine fisheries (DoF, 2010). The main production systems for freshwater aquaculture in Bangladesh are extensive and semi-intensive pond poly-culture of Indian major carps and exotic carps, which account for 80% of the total freshwater aquaculture production. The remaining 20% are mainly from catfish, tilapia, small indigenous fish and rice-fish farming (ADB, 2005). Presently, 1. million people are engaged full time and 12 million as part time in fisheries sector in the country for livelihood and trade. Another 3. 08 million fish and shrimp farmers are cultivating fish both at subsistence and commercial level (Shah and Ahmed, 2006). In Bangladesh, fish farming is currently one of the mo st important sectors of the national economy. Within the overall agro-based economy of the country, the contribution of fish production has been considered to hold good promise for creating jobs, earning foreign currency and supplying protein. About 97% of the inland fish production is marketed internally for domestic consumption while the remaining 3% is exported (Hasan, 2001). A large number of people, many of whom living below the poverty line, find employment in the domestic fish marketing chain in the form of farmers, processors, traders, intermediaries, day laborers and transporters (Ahmed et al. 1993, Islam, 1996; DFID, 1997; Kleih, 2001a? 2001b). Traditionally, people of Bangladesh like to eat fresh fish. However, chilled and dried fish are also marketed currently in large quantities in the towns and cities. Utilization and marketing distribution of fish is around 70 % fresh fish, 25% dried, and the other forms of locally processed fish include fermented products and frozen products (Islam et al. 2006). The export market of value added products is highly competitive, involving changes in type of products, forms and packaging as well as consumer behavior. Export of fish, shrimp and other fishery products were considered as non-conventional items before the independence of the country. It has increased many-folds during the last decades and the country is earning foreign exchange to minimize the trade gap. In this case the dried coastal and marine fish, the marine finfish and organism even other than fish, could be on the top of the list of export earning items (Kamal, 1994). Bangladesh exported fish and fisheries products worth Taka 32,106 million in 2009-10 of which frozen fish and shrimp shared more than 90% of the total exports of the fishery products and attained 3. 7% of total export earnings of Bangladesh (Bangladesh Bank, 2011). Since fish production in Bangladesh is increasing over the years, its disposal pattern is very important as growers, wholesalers, retailers and consumers- all are affected due to value addition in the marketing process. For the sustainability of these stakeholders, fish marketing studies are very necessary. Thus, the present study is conducted to examine the fish marketing system, supply chain and value addition to determine the pulling factors for enhancing production, processing and marketing of different species of fishes in Bangladesh. 2. Statement of the Problem The value chain describes the full range of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phases of production and delivery to final consumers (Porter, 1980; Kapilinsky and Morris, 2000). Value-chain analysis looks at every step a business goes through, from raw materials to the eventual end-user. The goal is to deliver maximum value for the least possible total cost (Investopedia, 2011). Market chain analysis aims to provide information on profitability for the various agents along the market chain (Ferris et al. , 2001). Economic value chain analysis describes the range of activities required to bring a product to the final consumer and, in the case of international products, the extent to which intermediaries/agents gain from participating in the chain (Jacinto, 2004). A traditional food industry value chain consists of the producer, processor, wholesaler, exporter, importer, retailer and consumer. There are mainly three sets of reasons why value chain analysis is important (Kaplinsky and Morris, 2000). These are: i) with the growing division of labour and the global dispersion of the production of components, systematic competitiveness has become increasingly important, ii) efficiency in production is only a necessary condition for successfully penetrating global markets, and iii) entry into global markets which allows for sustained income growth – that is, making the best of globalilsation- requires an understanding of dynamic factors within the whole value chain. Fish is a highly perishable commodity and its quality deteriorates very rapidly. Therefore, its quality cannot be kept unaffected for human consumption for a long time. Production and consumption areas are also widely separated. Consumers of this country normally like indigenous carps, shrimp, catfish and other small species as food fish. Production of cultured fish can be increased by making best utilization of the existing inland resources through modern and scientific methods of fish culture and fishing techniques. But the ultimate consumers have to depend on an effective marketing system to be able to purchase fish at reasonable prices. Similarly, successful and sustainable fish culture also depends on an effective distribution system. Analysis of value chains requires detailed micro-level data, which are not available in Bangladesh and are often difficult to obtain in most countries. The present study takes the first steps to collect primary data and to identify the marketing channels and value addition of tilapia, pangas, rohu, catla, shrimp and hilsha in Bangladesh. This study analyzes how market intermediaries operate along seafood value chains, and demonstrates how the revenue from seafood trade is distributed over the entire seafood value chain. This report also provides information on aquaculture/fisheries products in Bangladesh to support the statistical report linking the value chain in fish supply. Finally, this study is expected to also provide some useful information to traders, fish farmers and policy makers to help them formulate programmes and policies related to the concerned fish production and marketing. A related, complementary study (Sapkota-Bastola et al. 2012) provides an in-depth analysis of the linkage between various segments in the seafood value chains in the country. The report is organized in 5 sections. Following introduction in the first section and problem statement in the second section, the third section presents methodology followed in the study. Results and discussions are discussed in section 4. Concluding remarks and future fisheries value chains are provided in section 5. 3. Methodology The study was conducted in i) Trishal, Bhaluka and Muktagaca sub-districts under Mymensingh district of north-central Bangladesh, ii) Dupchacia sub-district under Bogra district of northern Bangladesh, iii) Dumuria sub-district under Khulna district of southern Bangladesh, iv) Sadar sub-districts of Chandpur district of south-central Bangladesh and v) Jatrabari area of Dhaka district. These areas have been identified as the most important sources for pangas (Pangasius hypophthalmus), rohu (Labeo rohita), catla (Catla Catla), tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica), hilsha (Tenualosa ilisha) and shrimp/prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Penaeus monodon, and Litopenaeus vannamei). Primary data were collected from fish market agents of Trishal, Valuka, Muktagaca and Mechua Bazar of Mymensingh district, Dupchacia and Fate Ali Bazar of Bogra district, Kharnia, Dumuria, Rupsha, 5-No. hat and Moylapota Bazar of Khulna district, Station, Pal Bazar and Biponibag of Chandpur district and Jatrabari, Shan ir Akhra, Ajompur and Abdullahpur Bazar of Dhaka district for the study. Surveys were conducted for a period of three months from November 2010 to January 2011. These surveys involved the inspection of the study areas in terms of fish distribution and marketing systems. A combination of participatory, qualitative and quantitative methods was used for primary data collection. A total of 4 Focus Group Discussion (FGD) sessions were conducted with actors involved in fish distribution channel (1 FGD in each area). Table 1 shows the sample intermediaries from different study areas. In this study, purposive sampling technique was used for selecting the sample. Total sample size of the study was 200. The interview schedules were prepared according to the need of the objectives of the study. In order to collect data, one set of interview schedule for all actors involved in value addition process was prepared. The draft interview schedule was pre-tested amongst a few respondents by the researcher themselves. In this pre-testing much attention was given to elicit new information which was originally not designed to be asked and filled in the draft interview schedules. Thus, some parts of draft schedules were improved, rearranged and modified in the light of the actual experiences gained from the field tests. Then the final interview schedules were prepared based on the result of the pre-test. After the collection of data they were scrutinized and carefully edited to eliminate possible errors and inconsistencies contained in the schedules while recording them. The first step was to look into the data of each and every interview schedule to ensure consistency and reliability with the aims and objectives of the study. After completing the pre-tabulation task, they were transferred to an Excel sheet from the interview schedules. In this study tabular technique was followed to illustrate the whole scenarios of fish marketing. The sum, mean, averages, percentages, gross costs and margins etc. are the simple statistical measures employed to examine the value chain analysis of different species of fishes. Table 1. Distribution of samples from different areas |Study Area and fish species | | | | | | | |Respondents | | | |Mymensingh |Bogra |Dhaka |Chandpur |Khulna | | | |Pangas/ |Pangas/ |Pangas/ |Hilsha |Hilsha |Shrimp |Total | | |tilapia/ rohu/ catla|tilapia/ rohu/|tilapia/ rohu/ | | | | | | | | |catla/ hilsha | | | | | | | |catla | | | | | | |Farmer |10 |5 | |5 |5 |10 |35 | |Paiker |15 |4 |3 | |10 |3 |35 | |Total |56 |29 |25 |20 |29 |41 |200 | 4. Results and Discussion 4. 1 Overview of fish marketing practices 4. 11 Buying and selling Fish marketing practices in Bangladesh is the combination of a series of functions or services that are performed by several institutions and market participants like marketing agents, brokers, wholesalers, retailer, exporter and manufacturer in order to transfer the products from farm-gate to the ultimate consumers both at home and abroad. Marketing system may be thought of as the connecting link between specialized producers and consumers (Kohls, 2005). An efficient marketing system is essential for earning fair profit for the fish farmers and traders. Marketing functions may be defined as major specialized activities performed in accomplishing the marketing process of concentration, equalization and dispersion (Kohls, 2005). In the study areas, the whole marketing of fish has been broken down into various functions such as buying and selling, transportation, grading, storaging, weighing, financing, market information and pricing. The activities involved in the transfer of goods are completed through buying and selling functions. Aratdars do the functions of negotiation between buyers and sellers of fish and help them at their own business premises on receipt of commission. They do not take the ownership of the products. Tilapia fish farmers sell 85% of their fish to paiker through aratdar, 12% to paiker directly and the final 3% to retailer. Paikers sell 77% of their fishes to retailers and 23% to retailers through aratdars. Retailers sell the entire fish to ultimate consumers. Paiker of tilapia fish purchases 92% from farmers through aratdar and 8% directly from farmers. Retailer purchases 89 % from farmers through aratdar and 11% from farmers. Consumer purchases 100% of tilapia from the retailers in the study area (Table 2). Table 2. Percent of tilapia fish transacted by value chain actors | |Purchase from (%) |Sold to (%) | |Value chain actor| | | |Farmer | |Paiker |8 |92 | | |Farmer | |Paiker |8 |92 | |Value chain actor|Farmer | |Paiker |11 |89 | | |Farmer | |Paiker |50 |50 | | |Fisher men | |Faria |100 |- |- |- |- | |Retailer |- | | |Farmer |Faria |Farmer via Aratdar|Bepari |Depot owner |AC Holder |Retailer | |Faria |100 |- |- |- |- |- |- | |Depot owner |40 |20 |40 |- |- |- |- | |Paiker |- |- | 100 |- |- |- |- | |Bepari |- |- |100 |- |- |- |- | |A/C Holder |30 |- |- |50 |20 |- |- | |Processing plant |- |- |- |- |- |- |- | |Retailer |- |- |20 |80 |- |- |- | |Consumer |- |- |- |- |- |- |100 | Source: Field survey, 2010. Table 7. Percent of shrimp/prawn transacted by value chain actors (Cont†¦. | |Sold to (%) | |Value chain |Faria |Retailer via Aratdar | |actor | | | |Rohu |Weight |Large: 2. 5 kg above, Medium: 1. 0 kg to 2. 5 kg, Small: Less than 1 kg | |Catla |Weight |Large: 3. 0 kg above, Medium: 1. 5 kg to 3 kg, Small: Less than 1. 5 kg | |Tilapia |Weight |Large: 300 gm above, Medium: 150 gm to 300 gm, Small: Less than 150 gm | |Pangas |Weight |Large: 1. 5 kg above, Medium: 1 kg to 1. kg, Small: Less than 1 kg | |Shrimp |Weight |Golda: U-5, 6/8, 8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30 | | | |Bagda: 8/12, 13/15, 16/20, 21/25, 26/30, 31/40, 41/50 | |Hilsha |Weight |Large: Above 1 kg, Medium: 800gm to 1000 gm, Small: Less than 800 gm | | |Location |Catching from river, Catchin g from sea | Source: Field survey, 2010. 4. 13 Storage The storage facilities help buyers and sellers to reduce the wide fluctuation of prices between peak and lean seasons. The storage function is primarily concerned with making goods available at the desired time and enables traders to receive better prices for their products. Because of high perishability, fish requires extremely specialized storage facilities matching the seasonal demand. Only the processing plants in the shrimp industry use proper storage systems for export to the world market. Other intermediaries use only ice to transport fishes from one place to another. Surprisingly, no refrigerated vans are used in Bangladesh to transport fish. Live pangas is transported from one place to another using water in the plastic drums. If the distance is long, water is then changed twice or thrice depending on the distance. Though all intermediaries use ice during marketing, their use of ice in fish is not scientific for which quality of fish gets affected. While retail selling, some use ice and some do not. 4. 14 Transportation Transportation is a basic function of making goods available at proper place and it creates place utility. Perishable goods must be moved as early as possible from the producing centre Figure 1. Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries for movement of major carps, pangas and tilapia Source: Field survey, 2010. Figure 2. Mode of transport used by farmers and intermediaries for movement of shrimp Source: Field survey, 2010. to the consumer centre. So transportation is essential for highly perishable commodities like fish. Adequate and efficient transportation is a cornerstone for the modern marketing system (Kohls and Uhl, 2005, p. 319). In the study areas, the fish farmers and intermediaries use various modes of transports such as van, rickshaw, truck, passenger bus, pickup, Nasimon (locally made pick-up type van for transporting passengers and goods), head load etc, to transfer product from the producing areas to the consumption centre. Figures 1, 2 and 3 show different modes of transport used by the intermediaries to transport fish from one place to another. 4. 15 Financing The financing function is the advancing of money by someone to carry on the business. For effective operation, financing is of crucial importance in the whole marketing system of fish. The source of finance for the value chain actors in the study areas are shown in Tables 8, 9 and 10. Table 8 shows that most of the fish farmers, aratdars, paikers and retailers of major carps, pangas and tilapia are self-financed. Other sources of finance for farmers are banks, friends and relatives, and dadon. A minor portion of Aratdar’s sources of finance are banks and friends and relatives. Paikers take loan from banks, NGO and friends and relatives. In addition to the use of their own fund, retailers also borrow from NGOs and friends and relatives. Figure 3. Mode of transport used by the farmers and intermediaries for movement of hilsha fish Source: Field survey, 2010. Table 8. Sources of finance of major carps, pangas and tilapia fish farmers and intermediaries Sources of finance |Market participants (%) | | | |Farmer |Aratdar |Paiker |Retailer | |Own fund |86 |96 |82 |76 | |Bank |9 |3 |11 |0 | |NGO |- |0 |5 |16 | |Friend and relatives |4 |1 |2 |8 | |Dadon from Aratdar |1 |0 |0 |0 | |Total |100 |100 |100 |100 | Source: Field survey, 2010. Table 9 shows that most of the fish aratdar, bepari, paiker and retailer of hilsha are self-financed. Other sources of their finance are banks, NGOs, friends and relatives and dadon. It is worth mentioning that finance of hilsha fishermen come totally from aratdar/mahajon (who provides dadan). This dadon of the aratdars /mohajans makes fishermen very vulnerable as it is tied up with conditions. Fishermen receiving dadon from aratdars/mohajans are bound to sell their produce to them, sometimes at predetermined prices which in most cases are lower than the prevailing market prices. Moreover, they also deprive the fishers while weighing the produce. About one-fourth of the LC paikers business is run by bank loans. Table 9. Sources of finance of hilsha fish farmers and intermediaries |Sources of finance |Market participants (%) | | |Fishermen |Aratdar |Bepari |Paiker |LC Paiker |Retailer | |Own fund |3 |90 |95 |80 |74 |99 | |Bank |0 |9 |5 |10 |24 |0 | |NGO |0 |0 | |0 |2 |1 | |Friend and relatives |0 |1 | |0 | | | |Dadon from Aratdar |97 | | |10 | | | |Total |100 |100 | | |100 |100 | Source: Field survey, 2010. Table 10 shows that in the case of shrimp, most of the farmers, aratdar, bepari and retailers are self-financed. Depot owners use a combination of own funds, bank loans, NGO and aratdars for shrimp marketing. Only 20% of depot owners procure loans from banks while 5% and 3% received from NGOs and dadon giving aratdars respectively. However, a majority of depot owners use their own fund for the business. 34% of the paikers take dadon Table 10. Sources of finance of shrimp farmers and intermediaries |Sources of finance |Market participants (%) | | |Farmer | | |Farmer |Depot owner |Aratdar | |Basket |Bamboo, Rope and Polythene |40 kg |Farmer, Paiker and Retailer | | | |20 kg |Retailer | |Drum |Plastic |40 kg |Farmer, Paiker | | | |20 kg |Retailer | |Crate |Plastic, Polythene |40 kg |Depot owner (shrimp), Paiker, Bepari, Account holder | | | | |(Shrimp), Retailer | |Steel box |Steel sheet |250 kg |Paiker, Bepari (hilsha) | |Wooden box |Wood, Polythene |160 kg |Bepari, Paiker, LC paiker (hilsa) | |Box |Cork sheet |40 and 20 kg |LC Paiker (hilsha), Account holder, Processing p How to cite Physically Visiting the Markets and Use of Telephone/Mobile Phone, Essay examples